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Clarithromycin is an antibiotic medication that belongs to the class of macrolides. It is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and infections caused by Helicobacter pylori. The mechanism of action of clarithromycin involves the inhibition of protein synthesis in bacteria, effectively stopping their growth and proliferation.
This article presents a comprehensive drug profile of Clarithromycin, including its uses, dosage, side effects, mechanism of action, and popular brands available in the market.
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Introduction to Clarithromycin
Clarithromycin is a semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin, a macrolide antibiotic. It is marketed under the brand name Klaricid, but is also available under various other generic and branded forms globally.
Clarithromycin is primarily used in treating infections caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and has activity against certain atypical pathogens as well. It is typically for infections involving the upper and lower respiratory tract, skin, and soft tissues.
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Mechanism of Action
Clarithromycin works by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of susceptible bacteria, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. This mechanism impedes bacterial growth and reproduction, leading to the death of the bacteria. The antibiotic functions as a bacteriostatic agent when present in lower concentrations, but it becomes bactericidal when the concentrations are increased.
- Uses and Indications
Clarithromycin serves as a therapeutic agent for a broad spectrum of bacterial infections. Some of the common indications include:
- Respiratory Tract Infections:
- Chronic bronchitis
- Pneumonia
- Pharyngitis and tonsillitis
- Sinusitis
- Skin and Soft Tissue Infections:
- Cellulitis
- Impetigo
- Helicobacter pylori Eradication:
- Used in combination with other drugs to treat H. pylori infection in peptic ulcer disease.
- Ear Infections:
- Otitis media
- Chlamydia and Mycoplasma Infections:
- For treatment of certain sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
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Dosage and Administration
The dosage of clarithromycin varies depending on the age, condition being treated, and the patient’s overall health. Below is a general guideline:
Adults:
- Respiratory Infections :The suggested treatment for respiratory infections involves taking 250 mg two times a day for a span of 7 to 14 days.
- Skin Infections: 250 mg twice daily for 7-14 days.
- Helicobacter pylori eradication: Similarly, for skin infections, the dosage remains at 250 mg twice daily for 7 to 14 days.
Pediatric Use:
- For Children (based on weight): 7.5 mg/kg twice daily.
You can take it with or without food. However, if gastrointestinal upset occurs, taking the drug with food may help reduce discomfort.
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Contraindications of Clarithromycin
Clarithromycin should not be used in certain situations. Some major contraindications include:
- Hypersensitivity to macrolide antibiotics.
- Severe liver dysfunction or active liver disease.
- Concurrent use with certain medications, such as cisapride, pimozide, or ergot alkaloids, due to potential drug interactions.
Moreover, Pregnant women should consult their healthcare provider before using clarithromycin, especially in the first trimester, due to potential risks.
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Side Effects of Clarithromycin
Clarithromycin is generally well-tolerated, but it can cause a range of side effects. Some of the common and serious adverse effects include:
Common Side Effects:
- Nausea and vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Abdominal pain
- Headache
- Taste disturbances
Serious Side Effects:
- QT prolongation (increased risk of arrhythmias)
- Liver enzyme elevation
- Hepatotoxicity (liver damage)
- Allergic reactions (rash, itching, anaphylaxis)
- Clostridium difficile infection (arises from the alteration of the standard microbial community in the gastrointestinal tract)
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Drug Interactions
Clarithromycin has several drug interactions due to its ability to inhibit cytochrome P450 enzymes, particularly CYP3A4. This can lead to increased levels of co-administered drugs, causing potential toxicity. Some important interactions include:
- Warfarin (increased bleeding risk)
- Statins (increased risk of myopathy)
- Anticonvulsants (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, increased levels)
- Antifungals (e.g., ketoconazole, itraconazole, increased levels)
Patients should always inform their doctor about any other medications they are taking to avoid harmful interactions.
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Popular Brands of Clarithromycin
Various well-established brand names offer clarithromycin in different formulations. Below is a table listing some of the most well-known brands, their dosages, and packaging specifications:
| Brand Name | Manufacturer | Dosage Forms | Strengths Available | Packaging Size |
| Klaricid | Abbott | Tablet, Oral Suspension | 250 mg, 500 mg | 7’s, 14’s, 20’s |
| Biaxin | Abbott | Tablet, Oral Suspension | 250 mg, 500 mg | 10’s, 14’s, 20’s |
| Clariwin | Win-Medicare | Tablet, Oral Suspension | 250 mg, 500 mg | 10’s, 15’s, 30’s |
| Clarth | M S. S. Ltd | Tablet, Oral Suspension | 250 mg, 500 mg | 5’s, 10’s, 20’s |
| Clarithro | Biochem Pharmaceuticals | Tablet, Oral Suspension | 250 mg, 500 mg | 10’s, 15’s |
| Clarimax | M S. S. Ltd | Tablet, Oral Suspension | 250 mg, 500 mg | 10’s, 15’s |
These brands offer clarithromycin in various forms, including tablets and oral suspensions, allowing flexibility depending on patient preference or clinical need.
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Conclusion
Clarithromycin (Klaricid) is an effective and widely used antibiotic in the treatment of bacterial infections. It is particularly useful for respiratory tract infections, skin conditions, and as part of combination therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. While it is generally well-tolerated, awareness of potential side effects and drug interactions is essential for safe usage.
Hence, patients should always follow prescribed dosages and consult healthcare professionals regarding any concerns, especially when taking other medications or when pregnant or breastfeeding. Clarithromycin remains an important tool in modern antibiotic therapy, providing a reliable option for treating bacterial infections effectively.
